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India’s Criminal Laws

India’s criminal justice architecture is based on three fundamental laws - the Indian Penal Code, the Code of Criminal Procedure, and the Evidence Act. In 2023, the Union Government passed three new Laws to replace these on the ground that they were of colonial vintage. Both versions of the Acts can be accessed here.

India’s Criminal Laws

The New Criminal Acts

[ Source: PRS Legislative Research]

(These Acts received Presidential Assent on Dec. 25, 2023. They will come into effect after notification.)

The Existing Criminal Acts

[ Source: India Code]

(The new criminal laws will replace the following three Laws which remain in force until the new Laws are notified to take effect.)
1. The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
[
http://tinyurl.com/2p8rzzsb]
1. Indian Penal Code (1860)
[
http://tinyurl.com/89fryn3r]
2. The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023
[
http://tinyurl.com/2w6kfeka]
2. The Code of Criminal Procedure (1973)
[
http://tinyurl.com/3dz5eukw]
3. The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023
[
http://tinyurl.com/4jhvv4k9]
3. The Evidence Act (1872)
[
http://tinyurl.com/mrxn4hy8]